Advocates of Construction Grammar see it as a psychologically plausible theory of human language. As such, it is capable of providing a principled account of language acquisition, language variation and language change.
Research in Construction Grammar also includes multidisciplinary cognitive studies in psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and computational linguistics. The Oxford Handbook of Construction Grammar is the first authoritative reference work solely dedicated to Construction Grammar.
Divided into five sections, the book will be an invaluable resource that students and scholars alike can turn to for a comprehensive account of current work on Construction Grammar, its theoretical foundations, and its applications to and relationship with other kinds of linguistic enquiry. Table of Contents Chapter Authors I. Gries II. Goldberg Stefan Th. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Your cookie preferences have been saved. You can change your cookie settings at any time. Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that there will not be a threat to the building or the health of the occupants as a result of moisture from precipitation penetrating to the inner face of the building.
This standard does not apply to a building where penetration of moisture from the outside will result in effects no more harmful than those likely to arise from use of the building. Rain penetration shows up as damp patches, usually after heavy rain, on the inside of external walls , around door or window openings or on ceilings. It can be difficult to pinpoint the exact route the rainwater is taking.
For example, a damp patch on a ceiling could be the result of a faulty flashing or damaged felt on a flat roof some distance away from the damp patch. Similarly, unless they have adequate damp proof courses and flashings, materials in parapets and chimneys can collect rainwater and deliver it to other parts of the dwelling below roof level.
Penetration occurs most often through walls exposed to the prevailing wet winds, usually south-westerly or southerly. There is evidence that the amount of rainfall has increased across much of Scotland. In addition, the majority of research indicates that this trend may continue as a consequence of climate change. There are numerous publications providing good practice guidance on methods of preventing rain penetration to internal surfaces of buildings.
Explanation of terms - the following terms are included to provide clarity to their meaning in the guidance to this standard. A vented cavity means a cavity with openings to the outside air placed so as to allow some limited, but not necessarily through air movement.
The openings are normally located at low level where they can also act as weep holes to drain water from the cavity. A ventilated cavity means a cavity with openings to the outside air placed so as to promote through movement of air.
The openings should be located at high and low level. Conversions - in the case of conversions , as specified in regulation 4, the building as converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably practicable , and in no case be worse than before the conversion regulation 12, schedule 6. A floor, wall, roof or other building element exposed to precipitation, or wind driven moisture, should prevent penetration of moisture to the inner surface of any part of a dwelling so as to protect the occupants and to ensure that the building is not damaged.
For external wall constructions it is important that the wall is designed and constructed to suit the degree of exposure to wind and rain that it may be subject to. BS EN ISO — This methodology, which is based closely on BS , uses two procedures to analyse hourly wind and rain data, collected for any location over a minimum 10 year period, to calculate a driving rain index. BS — This methodology determines the degree of exposure of a wall by using historical wind and rain data mapped at specific locations across the country.
This document is based on BS and provides a map that indicates exposures zones. Some types of buildings , such as carports or storage of outdoor equipment, can be unaffected by damp penetration and the following guidance therefore may not be relevant. When using any of the constructions below, the following general recommendations should be followed for walls or roofs, as appropriate:. The walls should be constructed in accordance with the terms of the certificate and to suit the degree of exposure to wind and rain as described in BS EN ISO or BS ; and the relevant recommendations of the following British Standards:.
In 'warm deck' roofs, in order to reduce the risk of condensation and corrosion, it may be necessary to provide a ventilated air space on the cold side of the insulation and a high performance vapour control layer between the insulation and the roof structure. It may also be helpful to consult the relevant trade association. The following sketches provide guidance on recommended methods of construction to prevent rain penetration to the inner surfaces of the building.
The thickness and other dimensions quoted are the minimum recommended unless otherwise stated. Greater figures are therefore possible. Solid wall, mm thick of bricks, blocks or slabs of clay, calcium silicate, concrete or cast stone. Wall rendered or unrendered externally.
Insulation and plasterboard internally, with a cavity 25mm wide. Wall type B solid wall with external insulation - Solid wall as A above.
Insulation applied to the external surface of the wall; protected externally either by cladding of sheets, tiles or boarding with permanent ventilation , or by rendering. Wall with or without an internal surface finish of plaster or plasterboard. Wall type A cavity wall with internal insulation - Cavity wall of 2 leaves of masonry separated by a 50mm cavity; each leaf, mm thick, of either bricks or blocks of clay, calcium silicate or concrete.
Insulation applied as a lining to the internal surface of the wall and plasterboard. Wall type B cavity wall with cavity fill insulation - Cavity wall as A above.
Insulation applied as a cavity fill. This construction is only recommended for sheltered conditions. Wall type C cavity wall with partial fill insulation - Cavity wall as A above. Insulation applied to either leaf as a partial cavity fill so as to preserve a residual space of 50mm wide. Careful consideration should be given to the detailing of an existing wall of a building when a conservatory or extension is added.
Tax Benefits and Incentives Other Green Building Costs Green Project Commissioning General Overview Fundamental Commissioning Basics Building Commissioning Objectives—Costs and Benefits Planning the Commissioning Process Commissioning Authority Commissioning Service Provider The Commissioning Process Chapter Twelve.
Project Cost Analysis Budget Development—An Analysis Project Buyout and Bid Shopping General Conditions and Supplemental Conditions Contingencies and Allowances Green Specifications and Documentation General—Overview Are Specifications Necessary? Specifications—Types and Categories Developing the Project Manual Specification Organization and Format Greening Specifications Computerized Specification Writing Systems Liability Issues Referenced Standards Chapter Fourteen.
Types of Building Contract Agreements Introduction Bidding Process and Types of Building Contracts Bid Solicitation and Types of Building Contracts American Institute of Architects Contract Documents Green Business Development Overview Creating a Successful Business Plan Creating a Corporate Image Track and Identify Sources for Leads The Importance of Selling Yourself
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